The Southern European DNA enigma. Option 3. Autosomal DNA Analysis does not work

Here I'm considering the third option to my enigma.  My known ancestry is 100% English.  However, autosomal DNA tests for Ancestry, by commercial companies, and by third party analysis, suggest that I have a mixture of European ancestries, including varying percentages of Southern European.  I'm trying to best explain this phenomena.  In previous posts, I considered 1) that my paper record is incomplete, or biologically incorrect.  2) that something ancient is picked up in analysis of present day English testers - that maybe reflect shared algorithms with ancient admixture, perhaps prehistoric, or Roman.

Now in this post, I consider the third option.  That commercial DNA companies exaggerate their claims to be able to differentiate to any successful degree, between different regions of Europe in my ancestry.  If this is indeed the case, it has significant repercussions for testers for example, in the USA, Canada, Australia, etc.  If they have a poor paper trail, and poorly known ancestry, maybe it's all too easy for them to regard such DNA tests for ancestry, as indisputable and accurate truths.

Commercial DNA companies for Ancestry, are under pressure to supply to market demands.  Their markets have been dominated particularly by USA customers.  Some of them seasoned genealogists with good quality paper trails.  Others, attracted by the easy option to know their ancestry before the, as 23andMe puts it, the Age of Migration before the past few centuries.  Instead of spending a lifetime chasing documents, they can simply send a DNA sample to a company, and know their roots.  People trust the science of DNA testing for ancestry.  That is the demand that commercial companies can cater for.

But what if their abilities to accurately detect ancestry from Autosomal DNA is exaggerated?

Lack of agreement between analysis.

As one evidence.  Test autosomal DNA with three different companies, and you will receive three different results.  That is well known in genetic genealogy circles.  Some apologists excuse it away by pointing to the different companies claims, to be focusing on different periods.  23andMe say that they zoom in on 500 years ago, by rejecting short chains.  Is it really, really possible yet, to be able to zoom in on one particular period?  I'm not convinced.  Is it even possible to securely locate all ancestry from the past 500 years?  I'd expect genetic recombination to wash away an awful lot of ancestral DNA long before that.  The truth is that beyond our great great grandparent's generation, there is less and less chance of us carrying any surviving DNA from any one particular ancestor! Especially from the autosomal DNA passed down on your father's side.  You might have a Balkan g.g.g.g grandfather, but chances are, there will be no evidence of their existence remaining in your autosomes.  His DNA, and all that belonged to his Balkan ancestry, will be lucky to survive the following 250 years, never mind 500 years.  My Y-DNA has strong evidence that I had an Asian ancestor on my paternal line, arrive in Southern England between 1,800 and 500 years ago.  However, nothing remains in my autosomal DNA analysis that suggests Asia.  Washed away.

Getting back to those three companies giving three different ancestries. My South European percentages have varied from 2% (with a hint at Iberia), to 19% (with a hint at Balkans), to FT-DNA's claim of 32%!  Eurogenes K13 hints at Iberia in it's admixture programs on GEDmatch.

Population References

One more thing.  Autosomal DNA tests for ancestry do not use ancient DNA references.  Not yet anyway.  They instead use present-day references, often from their own customer client bases, based on what ancestry they claim.  This is not necessarily the DNA that existed in past populations.  Populations and genes shuffle, genetic drift forms.  I recently read a report that FT-DNA Y data for NW Europe heavily biases to Irish ancestry.  Therefore, references from Americans of Irish and / or British descent, will bias to the West.  The quality of a reference is critical.

Is it all Bunk?

Am I saying that autosomal DNA testing for Ancestry is all a waste of time?  Actually no, not yet.  The tests DO find me to be pretty much 100% European.  That is a success.  Some tests even find me with a degree of confidence, to be NW European.  That is awesome.  However, beyond such regional level, should we be trusting such tests to be providing concrete results, infallible "truths" with a high degree of accuracy?  Shouldn't we be cautious, and regard such speculations as just that - speculations, to be assessed by other forms of evidence?  Some of my ancestors might have lived in Southern Europe.  Maybe Option 1 was correct - one of my Norfolk ancestors brought a Portuguese wife home from the Peninsular Wars.  Perhaps.  Maybe Option 2 was correct - the patterns that DNA companies pick up as Southern European, are ancient, related to Neolithic, Iron Age, or Roman admixture from the South, or sharing ancient ancestry with Southern Europeans.  Maybe.

I'm not at all disenchanted with DNA testing for ancestry though.  I've commissioned five so far this year, including three autosomal DNA tests.  This leads me to my most recent commission.  Perhaps this one will convince me more.  It's a very new test.  I'll post on that next.



The Southern European DNA enigma. Option 2. The DNA is Ancient.

The above photograph taken by me, of Neolithic skulls from the Tomb of the Sea Eagles, Orkney.

I'm not the only English person reporting "Southern European" on their Autosomal DNA for Ancestry test results.  I've noticed that on 23andMe, for example, that English often report these strange low percentages of "Southern European" in their ancestry composition results.

There may be something odd about the ancient ancestry of the English, that we do not yet know.  Others have also pointed out that in ancient admixture calculators, that the English receive lower percentages of ANE (Ancient North Eurasian) than do the Irish, Scottish, or other nearby neighbours.  POBI (People of the British Isles 2015) suggested a unknown immigration into Southern Britain during Late Prehistory perhaps from the area that is now France.

Some point to perhaps, more Neolithic survival in lowland Britain, relating perhaps to Sardinian patterns.  Others suggest immigration from Southern Europe and elsewhere during 360 years of Roman occupation.

Option 2 is a possibility - perhaps these is something about English ancestry that we do not yet know about, that confuses the algorithms of commercial DNA companies, when trying to identify our more recent ancestry.

The Southern European DNA enigma. Option 1. The DNA Analysis is true

My great grandfather Fred Smith, and my great Uncle Lenny.

Option 1.  The DNA Analysis for Ancestry is true

This option supports the commercial DNA for ancestry companies claim, that I have Southern European ancestry.  For this to be the case, my Southern European ancestors must have either a) been hidden in the gaps, the missing ancestors.  b) be NPE (non parental events - biological ancestors that are contrary to recorded ancestors.  Usually male). c) predate my genealogical record over the past 360 years or d) my recorded genealogy is faulty.  I have badly researched my ancestry and have made mistakes.

What gaps are there?  All of my generations are complete to and including my Generation 5.  I have all of the names of my 16 direct ancestors at that generation (great great grandparents).  All appear totally English, of English religious denominations.  Their surnames and location were: Brooker of London (previously Oxfordshire), Shawers of London, Baxter of Norfolk, Barber of Norfolk, Smith of Norfolk, Peach of Norfolk, Barber (again) of Norfolk, Ellis of Norfolk, Curtis of Norfolk, Rose of Norfolk, Key of Norfolk, Goffen of Norfolk, Tammas-Tovell of Norfolk, Lawn of Norfolk, Thacker of Norfolk, and Daynes of Norfolk.

I have photographs of three of them.

Everything looks utterly English - the majority East Anglian.

The gaps start to appear at Generation 6 (G.G.G Grandparents)  Three missing male ancestors - all missing fathers of illegitimate births.  29 out of 32 direct ancestors recorded though.  All appear English again:  

Brooker of Oxfordshire, Edney of Oxfordshire, Shawers of London, Durran of London (previously Oxfordshire), Baxter of Norfolk, Barber of Norfolk, Smith of Norfolk, Hewitt of Norfolk, Peach of Lincolnshire, Riches of Norfolk, Barber of Norfolk, Ellis of Norfolk, Goodram of Norfolk, Curtis of Norfolk, Larke of Norfolk, Rose of Norfolk, Barker of Norfolk, Key of Norfolk, Waters of Norfolk, Goffen of Norfolk, Nichols of Norfolk, Tovell of Norfolk, Tammas of Norfolk, Lawn of Norfolk, Springall of Norfolk, Thacker of Norfolk, Daynes of Norfolk, Quantrell of Norfolk.  Oh, and a "Mary Ann" of Norfolk.

Again, all English, English religious denominations.  Mainly rural working class East Anglian.  No sign of any foreigners.

The record does start to really fall away at Generation 8.  From then on, it's a minority of lines recorded, stretching back to the 1680's.  However, at no where on my record of 207 direct ancestors, do I see anything that looks remotely non-English, never mind Southern European.  No sign of any Catholicism anywhere.

Let's just consider percentages of DNA though.

Each grandparent gives me 25% on average.

Generation 3 (grandparent) 12.5%

Generation 4 (great grandparent) 6%

Generation 5 (great great grandparent) 3%

Generation 6 (G.G.G grandparent) 1.5%

Beyond then genetic recombination starts to really kick in, and you may have zero DNA from any particular ancestral lineage.  It get's washed out.  Only if it comes down from a number of lines is admixture highly likely to survive further back.

23andMe (V4 AC in spec after phasing with one parent) claims that both of my parents had 2% Southern European DNA.  That takes it back to around MY Generation 6 or 7.  Sure, I'm missing 9% of Generation 6, and 20% of Generation 7.  My Southern European ancestors could have admixed then.  But what are the chances of it happening on both sides?  Possible, yes.  I think unlikely though.  No Southern European names or religions passed down.  When was this? Around 1780 to 1820.  Okay, if I want to piece national history into it, how about The Peninsular Wars (1807-1814)?  The Royal Norfolk Regiment took an active part in that campaign.  Could I have (presumably male) ancestors through both of my parents, that brought back Portuguese wives?  It is a possibility.  I'll acknowledge that.  But am I weaving history in order to make it fit the DNA analysis?

FT-DNA (FF My Origins) claims that I have 32% "Southern European" ancestry.  No sign of it in family history or photography.  Too much likeness of recorded fathers.  Okay, maybe it goes further back, but on multiple lines?  I think that we are pushing this one.  What is the chance of so many Southern Europeans given my above recorded or known English ancestry.  It couldn't have happened.

DNA.land gives me 19% Southern European, including 13% Balkan.  The same problem as the FT-DNA analysis.  It just doesn't wash.  It cannot fit.

Therefore I conclude:

  1. FT-DNA and DNA.land claims of my Southern European percentages cannot realistically be explained by gaps or missing ancestors.
  2. 23andMe claims of 2% Southern European could be explained by the missing gaps - just!  But would need quite a coincidence to be on both sides, just in those gaps.

That pretty much covers it for gaps, NPE's, etc.  If any Southern European on the other hand, predates my genealogical record, then it would need to be on multiple lines, and to have lost all sign of Southern European surnames, religions, and traditions.  I haven't seen any history of a mass Southern European migration to England 600 - 400 years ago.

So which is it?

Following on from my last two posts.  Simple.

  1. The DNA companies are correct in their assessment of my ancestry.  I have Southern European Ancestry within the past 500 years.  Perhaps Iberian, perhaps Balkan?  Maybe via both my father and mother?
  2. The Southern European picked up by atDNA tests for ancestry, relate to ancient patterns, shared by the English.  They could be Neolithic, or other Late Prehistoric.  They could be Roman.
  3. Commercial autosome DNA Tests for Ancestry fail.  There is no Southern European, neither within the past 500 years, nor ancient.  It's all bogus.  Current chips and references fail to differentiate successfully between European populations of the past.

So which one is it? I'll be looking at answering this in my next few posts.


Revisiting Southern European for Ancestry

This photo of A Capela dos Ossos (the bone chapel) in Évora, Portugal.  Taken by myself.

First, a recap

I'm English by ethnicity, birth, upbringing, known family history, and by record.  That record, I've researched on and off for more than 25 years, primarily in record offices, but in more recent years also online.  On my personal database I presently have 207 direct ancestors recorded.  All lived in Southern England, with the majority in East Anglia.  All appear to have English surnames.  All recorded religious denominations, English.  The majority were rural working class.  I have a typical English ethnicity and phenotype.  My recorded genealogy stretches back at the furthest to the 1680's.

I'd expect some admixture in there.  I know from my Y-DNA that I have Asian admixture from between 500 and 1,800 years ago on my paternal lineage.  Surely some Hugeonauts, Strangers, Romany, or others at some point.  However, a rare and single event on one line of ancestry doesn't hang around very long in autosomal DNA.  It can be washed out very quickly by genetic recombination - as my Asian, as detected by my Y-DNA, has been.  You should only really see significant traces of admixture, when it is either recent (within the past few hundred years at most), or entered on multiple lines of ancestry.

Therefore, I'd have expected a commercial Autosomal DNA test for ancestry to come fairly close to 100% for British, or even English.  But instead, so far, I've received:

From 23andMe Ancestry Composition in Speculative mode, before any phasing with mother alone:

32% British & Irish
27% French & German
7% Scandinavian
29% Broadly NW European
2% Broadly Southern European (including 0.5% Iberian)

and after phasing with one parent:

37% British & Irish  (23% from father, 14% from mother)
22% French & German  (12% from father, 10% from mother)
1% Scandinavian  (from mother alone)
36% Broadly NW European  (23% from father, 13% from mother)
2% Broadly Southern European (1% from father, 1% from mother)

From FTDNA Family Finder My Origins, I recently received:

36% British Isles
32% Southern European
26% Scandinavia
6% Eastern Europe

Wegene using my 23andMe raw data gives me:

81% French
19% British

DNA.land using my 23andMe raw data gives me:

77% Northwest European
19% South European broken into 13% Balkan and 6% Central/South European
2% Finnish
1% ambiguous West Eurasian.

GEDmatch Eurogenes K13 on Oracle using my FT-DNA raw data gives me as my nearest Genetic Distance:

Southeast English 3.75 GD

On Oracle 4 I get as my nearest single population Genetic Distance:

Southeast English 4.28 GD

Best three way on K13 Oracle 4 mix is:

50% Southeast_English +25% Spanish_Valencia +25% Swedish @ 1.86 GD

Eurogenes K13 does often suggest Iberian references for admixtures on my results further down the proposal list.  Still, thumbs up for Eurogenes K13!  It gets me as Southeast English correctly!

So... 23andMe claims that I have 2% Southern European and that it comes from both parents, although before phasing, it hinted at Iberian.  FT-DNA claims that I have a whopping 32% Southern European!  DNA.land claims that I'm 19% South European, but Balkan with some Italian, rather than Iberian!  Eurogenes K13 Oracle 4 suggests that if I do have admixture, that it most likely includes Iberian.  My family tree has no evidence of any Southern European people, names, or any Catholicism, etc.  Confusing or what?


FTDNA (Family Tree DNA) My Origins Autosome Test for Ancestry

I know I should have smiled!  Me, myself sitting outside of the archaeology museum earlier this year, at Sofia, Bulgaria.South-West Europe.

FT-DNA Family Finder My Origins

I haven't posted much coherent lately, because, well, my Life changed, and consequently I've been pretty busy, in a very good way.  However, my exploration into genetic genealogy hasn't ceased at all.  Indeed, I took advantage of the Family Tree DNA (FTDNA) Summer sale, and bought the USD $79 Family Finder test.

No need to send a fresh sample, this was the third test from the sample that I sent to FT-DNA's US lab earlier this year.  FTDNA Family Finder is an autosomal DNA test only, without haplogroup results - but I've tested my Y-DNA to death already, and I know my mtDNA haplotype.  The services supplied include relationship matching, raw file download, and an Ancestry analysis named My Origins.  Hey, for that price, in GBP £, that is el cheapo good value.  And it's a good test, with about 690,000 SNPs tested, against 23andMe's current 577,382.  Smoking.

My prime interests was in 1) comparing the raw data with 23andMe on GEDmatch, and 2) seeing what FTDNA My Origins has to say about my autosomal DNA for ancestry.

So what did I find.

The former, comparing raw data files, I've done.  But briefly, the calculators DO vary for the two files, but not by very much - except maybe, that on Eurogenes K13, the nearest GD on my FT-DNA file is closer to correct - putting SE English closer this time than South Dutch.

The latter?

Family Tree DNA reported My Origins as:

100% European.

Broken into:

36% British Isles
32% Southern Europe
26% Scandinavia
6% Eastern Europe

This is a pretty bizarre result.  36% almost hits dead on my 23andMe Ancestry Composition (spec) result for British Isles (32% before phasing, 37% after phasing with one parent).  Perhaps they are using a similarly biased reference?  I'll blog on that soon as well.

26% Scandinavian is massive.  23andMe AC spec reported 7% before phasing, and 2% after phasing with one parent.

That's pretty much my first report for Eastern European, except for DNA.land's claim of some Balkans (hence my excuse for the above photograph).

but .... 32% Southern Europe, really?  Let's go there next, off to Southern Europe now:



Family Tree DNA Family Finder data V 23andMe raw data on GEDMATCH

Background

I'm South-east English in known paper ancestry, ethnicity, and heritage - mainly Norfolk East Anglian, where I still live, close to many known ancestors. I have 207 recorded ancestors on my tree, over the past 380 years. The majority lived in Norfolk, but some were Oxfordshire, Lincolnshire, Suffolk, and Berkshire. All appear to be English, with English surnames, English religions and denominations, overwhelmingly East Anglian:

Generation 1 has 1 individual. (100.00%)

Generation 2 has 2 individuals. (100.00%)

Generation 3 has 4 individuals. (100.00%)

Generation 4 has 8 individuals. (100.00%)

Generation 5 has 16 individuals. (100.00%)

Generation 6 has 29 individuals. (90.62%)

Generation 7 has 51 individuals. (79.69%)

Generation 8 has 47 individuals. (36.72%)

Generation 9 has 36 individuals. (14.84%)

Generation 10 has 10 individuals. (2.34%)

Generation 11 has 4 individuals. (0.39%)

Total ancestors in generations 2 to 11 is 207

I have previously tested 23andMe, FTDNA Y111, and FTDNA Big Y. My Y line is unusual, because it does originate in Western Asia, within the past few thousand years (L1b2c). However, there is no evidence of anything but European in any autosomal tests so far, so other than the Y, it appears to be washed out.

My 23andMe AC in spec mode (after phasing with one parent) is:

100% European

96% NW European

2% South European

2% broadly European


37% British & Irish

22% French & German

1% Scandinavian

36% broadly NW European

2% broadly South European


FTDNA Family Finder - My Origins


36% British Isles

32% Southern European

26% Scandinavian

6% Eastern European

I thought that it would be interesting to compare how a few important GEDMATCH calculators, see my raw data from Family Tree DNA, in comparison to the raw data from 23andMe:

GEDMATCH

23andMe raw data V ftDNA raw data

Eugenes K13 Oracle

23andMe data

Admix Results (sorted):

# Population Percent

1 North_Atlantic 47.58

2 Baltic 22.36

3 West_Med 15.65

4 East_Med 8.03

5 West_Asian 3.05

6 Red_Sea 1.42

7 Amerindian 0.74

8 South_Asian 0.71

9 Oceanian 0.46


Single population Sharing:


# Population (source) Distance

1 South_Dutch 3.89

2 Southeast_English 4.35

3 West_German 5.22

4 Southwest_English 6.24

5 Orcadian 6.97

6 French 7.63

7 North_Dutch 7.76

8 Danish 7.95

9 North_German 8.17

10 Irish 8.22


Family Tree DNA data

Admix Results (sorted):

# Population Percent

1 North_Atlantic 47.89

2 Baltic 22.68

3 West_Med 15.45

4 East_Med 7.41

5 West_Asian 3.11

6 Red_Sea 1.38

7 South_Asian 0.84

8 Amerindian 0.72

9 Oceanian 0.52


Single Population Sharing:


# Population (source) Distance

1 Southeast_English 3.75

2 South_Dutch 4.03

3 West_German 5.42

4 Southwest_English 5.68

5 Orcadian 6.33

6 North_Dutch 7.15

7 Danish 7.36

8 Irish 7.59

9 West_Scottish 7.62

10 North_German 7.7


Euogenes EUtest V2 K15

23andMe data

Admix Results (sorted):


# Population Percent

1 North_Sea 33.42

2 Atlantic 27.98

3 West_Med 12.24

4 Baltic 10.42

5 Eastern_Euro 7.04

6 West_Asian 3.52

7 East_Med 3.14

8 Red_Sea 1.48

9 Amerindian 0.39

10 Oceanian 0.19

11 South_Asian 0.18


Single Population Sharing:


# Population (source) Distance

1 Southwest_English 2.7

2 South_Dutch 3.98

3 Southeast_English 4.33

4 Irish 6.23

5 West_German 6.25

6 North_Dutch 6.79

7 West_Scottish 6.84

8 French 6.85

9 North_German 6.89

10 Danish 7.26


Family Tree DNA data

Admix Results (sorted):


# Population Percent

1 North_Sea 33.81

2 Atlantic 28.23

3 West_Med 12.04

4 Baltic 10.59

5 Eastern_Euro 6.84

6 West_Asian 3.66

7 East_Med 2.47

8 Red_Sea 1.46

9 Amerindian 0.35

10 South_Asian 0.31

11 Oceanian 0.25


Single Population Sharing:


# Population (source) Distance

1 Southwest_English 2.29

2 Southeast_English 4.02

3 South_Dutch 4.48

4 Irish 5.78

5 West_Scottish 6.41

6 North_Dutch 6.43

7 West_German 6.63

8 North_German 6.73

9 Danish 7.01

10 Orcadian 7.19


Gedrosia Eurasia K6 Oracle

23andMe data

Admix Results (sorted):


# Population Percent

1 West_European_Hunter_Gartherer 39.18

2 Natufian 38.8

3 Ancestral_North_Eurasian 20.85

4 Ancestral_South_Eurasian 0.82

5 East_Asian 0.35


Family Tree DNA data

Admix Results (sorted):


# Population Percent

1 West_European_Hunter_Gartherer 39.57

2 Natufian 38.66

3 Ancestral_North_Eurasian 20.75

4 East_Asian 0.86

5 Ancestral_South_Eurasian 0.16

Novel SNPs for Paul Brooker Y Haplogroup L-M317 (+SK1414) Family Tree DNA kit 491864

I've just stored this data here, as a "in case it was lost".  All of the Novel SNPs as listed by FTDNA Y Haplogroup L project administrator, Gareth Henson, based on my FTDNA Big Y test, including both YFull and FullGenomes analysis of the Big Y data.

117 Novel SNP's not yet recorded on any other sample.

Position Reference Derived Reads YFULL FTDNA FGC YFull Temp Name YFQ YFull Qual Desc FGC Name FGC Qual

Comments
2872307 C A 80 Y Y Y YFS1985627 100 Best qual FGC51036 100


3440120 T C 22 Y N Y YFS1985628 100 Best qual
40


3650777 G A 2 Y N N YFS1985629 100 Ambiguous qual



Probably just "noise"
3851037 C A 2 Y N Y YFS1985630 100 Ambiguous qual
10

Probably just "noise"
4676699 T A 2 Y N N YFS1985635 100 Ambiguous qual



Probably just "noise"
4953978 A T 2 Y N N YFS1985636 100 Ambiguous qual



Probably just "noise"
5627893 T A 3 Y N N YFS1985637 100 Acceptable qual



Reads below FTDNA threshold
6134978 G T 77 Y Y Y YFS1985638 91 Acceptable qual
10


6391676 G A 73 Y Y Y YFS1985641 100 Best qual
10


6419919 G T 2 Y N Y YFS1985642 100 Ambiguous qual
10

Probably just "noise"
6643664 C T 33 Y Y Y YFS1985643 100 Best qual FGC51038 100


6701612 A G 51 Y Y Y YFS1985644 100 Best qual FGC51039 100


6715132 A G 5 Y N Y YFS1985645 100 Best qual FGC51040 95

Reads below FTDNA threshold
6893378 T C 30 Y Y Y YFS1985646 95 Acceptable qual FGC51041 100


7032017 C A 80 Y Y Y YFS1985649 100 Best qual FGC51042 100


7327691 G A 78 Y Y Y YFS1985652 97 Acceptable qual FGC51043 100


7377200 G A 47 Y Y Y YFS1985653 100 Best qual FGC51044 100


7517429 G A 54 Y Y Y YFS1985656 100 Best qual FGC51045 100


7581204 G T 41 Y Y Y YFS1985658 96 Acceptable qual FGC51046 100


7750714 A T 8 Y N Y YFS1985660 100 Best qual
40

Reads below FTDNA threshold
7764687 G T 30 Y Y Y YFS1985661 100 Best qual FGC51047 100


7799504 G A 82 Y Y Y YFS1985662 98 Acceptable qual FGC51048 100


7957071 A C 11 Y Y Y YFS1985663 100 Best qual FGC51049 100


8208710 T C 39 Y Y Y YFS1985664 96 Acceptable qual FGC51050 100


8461000 C A 70 Y Y Y YFS1985666 98 Acceptable qual FGC51051 100


8468697 T C 17 Y Y Y YFS1985667 100 Best qual FGC51052 100


8485396 T G 102 Y Y Y YFS1985668 100 Best qual FGC51053 100


8573893 C T 86 Y Y Y YFS1985669 100 Best qual FGC51054 100


8637541 G A 6 Y N Y YFS1985670 100 Best qual FGC51055 95

Reads below FTDNA threshold
8801867 A G 48 Y Y Y YFS1985672 100 Best qual FGC51056 100


8872964 G A 25 Y Y Y YFS1985673 100 Best qual FGC51057 95


9124517 C T 89 Y Y Y YFS1985674 100 Best qual FGC51058 100


9139036 G T 41 Y Y Y YFS1985675 100 Best qual FGC51059 100


9169290 A T 30 Y Y Y YFS1985677 100 Best qual FGC51060 100


9754516 T C 26 Y Y Y YFS1985683 100 Best qual
40


9838293 G C 64 Y Y Y YFS1985684 100 Best qual FGC51061 100


13135709 C T
N Y Y


FGC41711 100

Recurrent mutation?
13679122 C T
N Y Y


FGC51064 100


13855794 C A 2 Y N Y YFS1985793 100 Ambiguous qual
10

Probably just "noise"
14031785 C A 8 Y N Y YFS1985860 100 Best qual
40

Reads below FTDNA threshold
14426597 G A 56 Y Y Y YFS1985862 98 Acceptable qual FGC51065 100


14612339 A T
N Y Y


FGC51066 100


14638509 T C 55 Y Y Y YFS1985864 92 Acceptable qual SK1414 100


14751018 C T 56 Y Y Y YFS1985865 100 Best qual FGC51067 100


15039403 T C 63 Y Y Y YFS1985868 100 Best qual FGC51068 100


15160593 C T 16 Y Y Y YFS1985870 100 Best qual FGC51069 100


15311752 C G 64 Y Y Y YFS1985872 100 Best qual FGC51070 100


15349365 G A 68 Y Y Y YFS1985873 100 Best qual FGC51071 100


15491978 T C
N Y Y


FGC22105; YFC006597 10

Recurrent mutation (boundary between TA and CA repeats)
15584574 G A 5 Y N Y YFS1985874 100 Best qual FGC51072 95

Reads below FTDNA threshold
15633507 G A 49 Y Y Y YFS1985875 100 Best qual FGC24349 100

Recurrent mutation?
15777291 G T 18 Y Y Y YFS1985876 100 Best qual FGC51073 100


16042702 C G 7 Y N Y YFS1985877 100 Best qual FGC51074 95

Reads below FTDNA threshold
16134641 G C 8 Y N Y YFS1985878 100 Best qual FGC51075 95

Reads below FTDNA threshold
16309939 T A 49 Y Y Y YFS1985879 100 Best qual FGC51076 100


16406336 C T 88 Y Y Y YFS1985880 94 Acceptable qual FGC51077 100


16547983 C T 66 Y Y Y YFS1985881 100 Best qual FGC51078 100


16611208 C T 46 Y Y Y YFS1985882 100 Best qual FGC51079 100


16764043 T C 40 Y Y Y YFS1985883 93 Acceptable qual FGC51080 100


17099361 T C 48 Y Y Y YFS1985884 94 Acceptable qual FGC51081 100


17394936 T C 54 Y Y Y YFS1985886 97 Acceptable qual FGC51082 100


17448259 A G 8 Y N Y YFS1985887 100 Best qual FGC51083 95

Reads below FTDNA threshold
17463141 G A 11 Y Y Y YFS1985888 100 Best qual FGC51084 100


17504007 C A 2 Y N Y YFS1985889 100 Ambiguous qual
40

Probably just "noise"
17575329 G T 31 Y Y Y YFS1985890 100 Best qual FGC51085 100


17774733 T A 19 Y N Y YFS1985891 100 Best qual
10

3 SNPs close together - probably a single mutation event
17774735 G A 19 Y N Y YFS1985892 100 Best qual
10

17774737 T C 19 Y N Y YFS1985893 100 Best qual
10

17938564 C T 95 Y Y Y YFS1985894 100 Best qual FGC51086 100


18045221 A T 55 Y Y Y YFS1985895 100 Best qual FGC51087 100


18557184 G A 64 Y Y Y YFS1985898 98 Acceptable qual FGC51088 100


18675826 A T 18 Y Y Y YFS1985899 100 Best qual FGC51089 100


18919156 G A 76 Y Y Y YFS1985901 100 Best qual FGC51090 100


19057204 G A 19 Y Y Y YFS1985902 100 Best qual FGC17900 100

Recurrent mutation?
19119491 A C 23 Y Y Y YFS1985903 100 Best qual FGC51091 100


19508605 A G 62 Y Y Y YFS1985905 98 Acceptable qual FGC51092 100


19544681 G T 8 Y N Y YFS1985906 100 Best qual FGC51093 95

Reads below FTDNA threshold
20692245 T C
N Y Y



40


21037375 C T 4 Y N Y YFS1985916 100 Acceptable qual FGC51094 95

Reads below FTDNA threshold
21141871 G C 51 Y Y Y YFS1985917 97 Acceptable qual FGC51095 100


21152868 T G
N Y Y


DC323 (also known as S4815) 10

Recurrent mutation
21374612 G C 68 Y Y Y YFS1985919 100 Best qual FGC51096 100


21392171 G A 22 Y Y Y YFS1985920 100 Best qual FGC51097 100


21412260 C A 7 Y N Y YFS1985921 100 Best qual
40

Reads below FTDNA threshold
21504880 G A 18 Y Y Y YFS1985922 100 Best qual FGC51098 100


21550243 A C 20 Y Y Y YFS1985924 100 Best qual FGC51099 100


21554777 G T 2 Y N Y YFS1985925 100 Ambiguous qual
40

Probably just "noise"
21628664 C T 81 Y Y Y YFS1985926 100 Best qual FGC51100 100


22230862 A G 55 Y Y Y YFS1985927 92 Acceptable qual FGC51101 95


22240008 T C
N Y Y


ZS5617 40

In volatile DYZ19 region
22259810 G C
N Y Y



40

In volatile DYZ19 region
22261622 T C
N Y Y



40

In volatile DYZ19 region
22262437 T A
N Y N






In volatile DYZ19 region
22262459 G C
N Y Y


site of BY1891 40

In volatile DYZ19 region
22262502 A G
N Y Y



10

In volatile DYZ19 region
22268591 A T
N Y Y



40

In volatile DYZ19 region
22423571 C A
N Y Y



10

In volatile DYZ19 region
22521253 T C 18 Y Y Y YFS1986012 100 Best qual FGC51102 100


22523410 G A 44 Y Y Y YFS1986013 100 Best qual FGC51103 100


22573608 A G 57 Y Y Y YFS1986014 95 Acceptable qual FGC51104 100


22675321 T C 45 Y Y Y YFS1986015 97 Acceptable qual FGC51105 100


22749142 A C 65 Y Y Y YFS1986016 100 Best qual FGC51106 100


22760336 A G 35 Y Y Y YFS1986017 100 Best qual FGC51107 100


23081618 G A 34 Y Y Y YFS1986018 96 Acceptable qual
10


23249958 T C 66 Y Y Y YFS1986019 100 Best qual FGC51108 100


23283344 T C 72 Y Y Y YFS1986020 88 Ambiguous qual
40


23324862 T A 63 Y Y Y YFS1986023 98 Acceptable qual FGC51109 100


23401635 A G 15 Y Y Y YFS1986024 100 Best qual FGC51110 100


23479996 A T 59 Y Y Y YFS1986025 100 Best qual FGC51111 100


23563109 G A
N Y Y


YP5075


Recurrent mutation?
23633302 T C 22 Y Y Y YFS1986027 95 Acceptable qual FGC51112 100


23638466 A C 81 Y Y Y YFS1986028 98 Acceptable qual FGC51113 100


23832496 G C 33 Y Y Y YFS1986030 100 Best qual FGC51114 95


23899850 T C
N Y Y



40


24001198 C T 13 Y N Y YFS1986033 100 Best qual FGC51115 100

Reads below FTDNA threshold
24026825 G T 2 Y N N YFS1986035 100 Ambiguous qual



Probably just "noise"
24428691 T C 26 Y Y Y YFS1986036 100 Best qual FGC51116 100