I know I should have smiled! Me, myself sitting outside of the archaeology museum earlier this year, at Sofia, Bulgaria.South-West Europe.
I know I should have smiled! Me, myself sitting outside of the archaeology museum earlier this year, at Sofia, Bulgaria.South-West Europe.
I'm South-east English in known paper ancestry, ethnicity, and heritage - mainly Norfolk East Anglian, where I still live, close to many known ancestors. I have 207 recorded ancestors on my tree, over the past 380 years. The majority lived in Norfolk, but some were Oxfordshire, Lincolnshire, Suffolk, and Berkshire. All appear to be English, with English surnames, English religions and denominations, overwhelmingly East Anglian:
Generation 1 has 1 individual. (100.00%)
Generation 2 has 2 individuals. (100.00%)
Generation 3 has 4 individuals. (100.00%)
Generation 4 has 8 individuals. (100.00%)
Generation 5 has 16 individuals. (100.00%)
Generation 6 has 29 individuals. (90.62%)
Generation 7 has 51 individuals. (79.69%)
Generation 8 has 47 individuals. (36.72%)
Generation 9 has 36 individuals. (14.84%)
Generation 10 has 10 individuals. (2.34%)
Generation 11 has 4 individuals. (0.39%)
Total ancestors in generations 2 to 11 is 207
I have previously tested 23andMe, FTDNA Y111, and FTDNA Big Y. My Y line is unusual, because it does originate in Western Asia, within the past few thousand years (L1b2c). However, there is no evidence of anything but European in any autosomal tests so far, so other than the Y, it appears to be washed out.
My 23andMe AC in spec mode (after phasing with one parent) is:
100% European
96% NW European
2% South European
2% broadly European
37% British & Irish
22% French & German
1% Scandinavian
36% broadly NW European
2% broadly South European
FTDNA Family Finder - My Origins
36% British Isles
32% Southern European
26% Scandinavian
6% Eastern European
I thought that it would be interesting to compare how a few important GEDMATCH calculators, see my raw data from Family Tree DNA, in comparison to the raw data from 23andMe:
Eugenes K13 Oracle
23andMe data
Admix Results (sorted):
# Population Percent
1 North_Atlantic 47.58
2 Baltic 22.36
3 West_Med 15.65
4 East_Med 8.03
5 West_Asian 3.05
6 Red_Sea 1.42
7 Amerindian 0.74
8 South_Asian 0.71
9 Oceanian 0.46
Single population Sharing:
# Population (source) Distance
1 South_Dutch 3.89
2 Southeast_English 4.35
3 West_German 5.22
4 Southwest_English 6.24
5 Orcadian 6.97
6 French 7.63
7 North_Dutch 7.76
8 Danish 7.95
9 North_German 8.17
10 Irish 8.22
Family Tree DNA data
Admix Results (sorted):
# Population Percent
1 North_Atlantic 47.89
2 Baltic 22.68
3 West_Med 15.45
4 East_Med 7.41
5 West_Asian 3.11
6 Red_Sea 1.38
7 South_Asian 0.84
8 Amerindian 0.72
9 Oceanian 0.52
Single Population Sharing:
# Population (source) Distance
1 Southeast_English 3.75
2 South_Dutch 4.03
3 West_German 5.42
4 Southwest_English 5.68
5 Orcadian 6.33
6 North_Dutch 7.15
7 Danish 7.36
8 Irish 7.59
9 West_Scottish 7.62
10 North_German 7.7
23andMe data
Admix Results (sorted):
# Population Percent
1 North_Sea 33.42
2 Atlantic 27.98
3 West_Med 12.24
4 Baltic 10.42
5 Eastern_Euro 7.04
6 West_Asian 3.52
7 East_Med 3.14
8 Red_Sea 1.48
9 Amerindian 0.39
10 Oceanian 0.19
11 South_Asian 0.18
Single Population Sharing:
# Population (source) Distance
1 Southwest_English 2.7
2 South_Dutch 3.98
3 Southeast_English 4.33
4 Irish 6.23
5 West_German 6.25
6 North_Dutch 6.79
7 West_Scottish 6.84
8 French 6.85
9 North_German 6.89
10 Danish 7.26
Family Tree DNA data
Admix Results (sorted):
# Population Percent
1 North_Sea 33.81
2 Atlantic 28.23
3 West_Med 12.04
4 Baltic 10.59
5 Eastern_Euro 6.84
6 West_Asian 3.66
7 East_Med 2.47
8 Red_Sea 1.46
9 Amerindian 0.35
10 South_Asian 0.31
11 Oceanian 0.25
Single Population Sharing:
# Population (source) Distance
1 Southwest_English 2.29
2 Southeast_English 4.02
3 South_Dutch 4.48
4 Irish 5.78
5 West_Scottish 6.41
6 North_Dutch 6.43
7 West_German 6.63
8 North_German 6.73
9 Danish 7.01
10 Orcadian 7.19
23andMe data
Admix Results (sorted):
# Population Percent
1 West_European_Hunter_Gartherer 39.18
2 Natufian 38.8
3 Ancestral_North_Eurasian 20.85
4 Ancestral_South_Eurasian 0.82
5 East_Asian 0.35
Family Tree DNA data
Admix Results (sorted):
# Population Percent
1 West_European_Hunter_Gartherer 39.57
2 Natufian 38.66
3 Ancestral_North_Eurasian 20.75
4 East_Asian 0.86
5 Ancestral_South_Eurasian 0.16
Copied from openstreetmap.org and modified under the Open Data Commons Open Database License.
I've noticed two perspectives within the broad scope of genealogy where it ties to population genetics.
I have to confess to being more of the latter.
I started out with a pretty well researched paper genealogical record. A family tree. A family history. Researched through oral history, interviews, parish records, state records, and then on to digitalised records in more recent years. A genealogical database of 1,570 individuals for my kids, and 207 direct ancestors recorded for myself - going back to the 1680s. My recorded ancestry was 100% English - dominated by the County of Norfolk. The majority of present day English perhaps have some non-English ancestry, perhaps Irish or Scottish, or something a little further afield. I didn't find any. All English surnames, and English denominations. Some of those surnames however, did echo rather more ancient immigration from across the North Sea.
Autosomal DNA testing for ancestry provided a bit of a surprise. I took a 23andMe DNA test, along with my mother, who's results I phased with to provide more accuracy. The 23andMe Ancestry Composition analysis in standard mode didn't simply see me as English, or even as British. It did see me pretty much as 100% European. Not a hint of Africa nor Asia within the past several hundred years. It saw 86% of my autosomal DNA as definitively North-West European. However, it could only see a mere 17% as distinctly belonging to British & Irish. So, the ancestry test of my autosomal DNA certainly agreed that I was European, NW European even, but couldn't be sure on how English or even British that I was.
23andMe Ancestry Composition in the very unreliable speculative mode rated my British/Irishness at only 37%. The highest percentage of focus - but it saw 22% of my autosomal DNA ancestry as French / German, 1% as Scandinavian, and 2% as South European. So considering my 100% English ancestry on paper, autosomal DNA testing couldn't really be very sure about my ancestry. Even in speculative mode, it had 34% of my DNA as "Broadly NW European", meaning that it couldn't be sure, but somewhere in that corner of that continent.
Fair enough I suppose. I've lost a certain amount of faith in any autosome DNA tests for ancestry to be able to pinpoint the English. You see, even ignoring recent waves of immigration of Irish, Scottish, French, Germans, West Indians, South Asians, etc, etc. The truth is that the English were already a very admixed population even 1,500 years before present. Already a mixture of prehistoric populations, immigrants from across the Roman Empire, then from across the North Sea, from the Low Countries, Northern Germany, Denmark, Scandinavia, etc. 23andMe claim that their product reflects your ancestry 500 years ago. No it does not. It uses modern reference populations. Genes have been circulating around the World for a long time. Autosomal DNA tests for ancestry have really improved. They are pretty good now for recognising a Continent - sometimes even a corner of a continent, as the source of some ancestry. But they cannot pinpoint many populations with accuracy, and they cannot pinpoint the English.
So, my paper record said English. My 23andMe autosome DNA test said North-West European, but couldn't even pinpoint British. It suggested admixture. It did however - this is important - only see me as European. Okay, in Standard Mode, it did have a tiny 0.3% that it failed to assign to Europe, nor anywhere. It did not see Asian.
Haplogroups follow two narrow lines of ancestry. The Y follows the direct paternal line, the MT follows the direct maternal. They do not represent the bulk of your ancestry. However, they can tell a more accurate, and longer term story. Ancestry can be lost in Autosomal DNA within a few centuries. In addition, it gets messed up through recombination. Not so with the two haplogroups. So where did mine come from?
There is an awful lot that we will know in future about our haplogroups, that we don't yet know - especially in the case of mt-DNA. However, we do know that my haplogroup, H6a1, did not originate in Europe.
H is common in Europe, and it most likely originated either there, or in South West Asia, during the Upper Palaeolithic. H6 did not originate in Europe. It may be West or Central Asian in origin. H6a1 has not been recovered in any ancient DNA within Western Europe. However, it has been recovered in the DNA of the Yamnaya on the Eurasian Steppes. For this reason, it is generally thought - based on evidence so far, to have been brought into Western Europe during the Early Bronze Age, by the expansion from the Eurasian Steppes at that time.
It isn't too fanciful - based on this evidence, to imagine that my distant grandmothers belonged to tribes of Early Bronze Age pastoralists, living on the Steppes of what is now the Ukraine.
This one has been a cracker for me. Anyone that has followed my blog, might be getting bored with this. I've thoroughly tested my Y-DNA. It's not an exaggeration to suggest that it is quite likely Ancient Persian. Based on current evidence, I believe that my Y-DNA arrived into England within the last millennia - probably between 350 and 800 years ago. I'm still working on it's most likely route here. I do believe that it was most likely still located in the region of Iran circa 1,000 to 2,000 years ago. My nearest 111 STR match is to a guy in Australia who's paternal line lived in Birjand, Eastern Iran. We shared a common ancestor around 2,000 years ago. My terminal SNP is shared on record with only one other man so far - in the world. He was a Balochi speaker that lives in Makran, SW Pakistan - close to the border with Iran. The Balochi are believed to have migrated from North Iran between the 5th and 14th centuries AD.
Nomad camp, at the Zagros Mountains, Iran. By C Whitely on Flickr under Creative Commons License.
A bit more distant, I have a Y cousin in the USA that maybe I shared a common ancestor with 3,000 years ago. He is of Azores Portuguese descent on his Y line, but he carries a distinct STR marker that has been associated with the Parsi, who migrated to India and Pakistan, but originated in Iran.
And going further back, the Y haplogroup L most likely originated within the area of Iran and Iraq, during the Ice Age. It would have been carried by Upper Paleolithic hunter-gatherers in that region. 13,000 years, I shared grandfathers with two Pontic Greek Y cousins, who's ancestors lived in Trazbon, Eastern Anatolia. Maybe one Y ancestral son headed to the Black Sea, the other settled at the Caspian Sea? The Ice Age was drawing to a close, but with a ferocity and climate instability that drove bands of people apart and into refuges at that time.
The Parsi connection keeps hinting. They descend from Persians that worshiped the ancient religion of Zoroastrianism. I've just seen a Y haplogroup study of men in Pakistan. The background level of Y haplogroup L-M317 sat at 1.1%. However, in the sample of Parsi men there - it spikes up to 13.3%. That might not be the route however, of my Y line. The SK1414 SNP turned up in that same study, but that was found on the Makrani Boluch man that was tested L-M317, not in the 12 Parsi men that also tested positive for L-M317.
I prefer bridges to walls, and that is what I got. My paper ancestry said 100% English - much of it East Anglian. I'm quite proud of that, but I'm equally proud of my more distant ancestors that emigrated here. I've found North Sea admixture, from places such as the Netherlands and southern Scandinavia. I've found a grandmother in a Bronze Age tribe of pastoralists in the Ukraine. I've found ancient Persians, descending from hunters of Ibex in the Iran / Iraq region. I've found distant cousins in the USA, Iran, Pakistan, Australia, and Turkey.
One species, one family.
By Baluchistan on Flickr under a Creative Commons Licence. No, this young man is not the SK1414 tester, but the mandolinist in me found this photo kind of cool. A young man from Makran. The other SK1414 tester was also a male Makrani Baloch.
I'm hot on the trail of my Y or paternal line, following my FTDNA Y111 STR, then Big Y tests. These tests analysed the DNA on my Y chromosome. It is passed down strictly from father to biological sons. the mutations (SNP and STR) that can be identified in the Y-DNA, can be used to assess relationship, and in some cases, to date the time of most recent common ancestry. So, with the assistance of Gareth Henson, administrator of the FT-DNA Y haplogroup L Project, and with help from my new distant cousins, what have I learned over the past few weeks?
Between 45,000 and 13,000 years ago, my paternal ancestors most likely were hunter-gatherers, that lived in the region of what is now Iran and Iraq, during the last Ice Age. Some sharp changes in glaciation, and cold extremes towards the end of that period, may have generated a number of adaptations, and subsequently, split new sub clades of my Y haplogroup L.
13,000 years ago (based on the Big Y test), I share a common paternal great x grandfather with a number of distant cousins, that descend from Pontic Greek families from the Trabzon region in Turkey.
Between 3,000 and 1,000 years ago (based on the less accurate STR evidence at 111 marker), I share common paternal great x grandfather with another cousin, who's paternal line Habibi, can be traced back to the 1850's in the town of Birjand, Southern Khorasan, Eastern Iran, close to the modern Afghanistan border. This closer cousin now lives in Australia.
My Big Y test produced no less than 90 previously unrecorded or known SNP (pronounced "snip") mutations. That might be because my Y-DNA is rare, or / and, that it is mainly found in parts of the World where very few people test at this level. The last SNP on the roll that had been seen before, has been called SK1414. Because now two of us have tested for this SNP, it is my terminal SNP, so at the moment (although it still has to be submitted to the YFull Tree), I can declare my Y haplogroup sub clade designation to be L-SK1414. Only one of two so far recorded in the World.
So, who is this Y cousin that shares my SK1414 mutation?
By Baluchistan on Flickr under a Creative Commons Licence. Another photo from Makran, Balochistan.
The other SK1414 turned up during an early survey, back in the early 2000s by the Human Genome Diversity Project. It turned up in a sample of the Baluchi in Makran, South-west Pakistan. Could this cousin be closer than the Habibi tester? Could my Habibi cousin, from an eastern Iranian family also carry SK1414?
The Baluch, are an Iranic people, that speak Baluchi, an Iranian language that belongs, as do most European languages, to the Indo-European linguistic family. According to the Iran Chamber Society website, they moved to Makran during the 12th Century AD. Traditionally the Baluch claim that they originated in Syria, but a linguistic study has instead suggested that they actully originated from the south east of the Caspian region, and that they moved westwards between the 6th and 12th centuries AD in a series of waves. No other Y sub clade L1b (L-M317) have been found in Southern Asia outside of two samples of this survey, so perhaps the tester did have ancestry from Western Asia.
It would seem likely that I do have a number of Y cousins, most likely in the region of Eastern Iran and South-Western Pakistan. That doesn't necessarily follow though, that our most recent common Y ancestors lived there. As I said above, the Baluch of Makrani, Pakistan are said to have migrated from further north-west, from the Caspian Sea region.
There is a tentative suggestion of a link to the Parsi. A Portuguese STR tester with a genetic distance (based on 67 markers) of 22, has (thanks again Gareth) "a distinctive value of 10 at DYS393. In the Qamar paper this value is found in the Parsi population". So there is just the possibility also, of the Parsi ethnicity carrying L1b from Western Asia into Southern Asia. Perhaps this marker was picked up by a Portuguese seafarer link to Southern Asia. It could even be the link to my English line, via the Anglo-Portuguese Alliance. A lot of speculation. I don't think that M317 has been found yet in India.
I have found STR links with four people that carry the surname Chandler. They live in England, Australia, and the USA. These cousins appear to descend from a Thomas Chandler, that lived in Basingstoke during the 1740s. That is 32 miles away from my own contemporary surname ancestor, John Brooker, who lived at the same time at the village of Long Wittenham in the Thames Valley.
Unfortunately three of the Chandlers have only 12 markers tested, and the fourth at 37 markers. Therefore time of most recent ancestor is not accurate, but it looks as the Chandler and Brooker Y hg L testers of Southern England, most likely shared a common paternal great x grandfather sometime between 800 and 350 years ago.
That only these two lines have turned up, and that they are geographically and genetically so close, might suggest that our Y-DNA lineage arrived in Southern England around the late medieval, perhaps from between the 13th and 17th centuries AD. It could just be through a Portuguese navigator link, or it could be through thousands of other routes. More L-M20 testers could turn up in England in the future, that could push the arrival to an earlier date.
I could have any number of cousins from south England. The Brookers and Chandlers may well have other paternal line descendants living in the Thames Valley, Hampshire, London, or elsewhere. I'd love to prove a Brooker from the Berkshire / Oxfordshire area, as sharing ancestry. I believe for example, that the journalist Charlie Brooker descends from one of the Thames Valley families, although not necessarily from mine. Do they carry the Y hg L?
My great great grandfather Henry Brooker, did not appear to have any more sons, other than my great grandfather John Henry Brooker - who in turn, only had one son, my grandfather Reginald John Brooker.
I have one Y haplogroup first cousin. He has I believe, a son, and a grandson.
The above Photograph of the Sumela Monastery, Trabzon Mountains, former Pontus, by reibai of Flickr under Creative Commons Licence. Close to the home of my nearest recorded Big Y cousins today.
The FTDNA results came back. As with the Y111 test results, they were three weeks earlier than scheduled. So what has this test told me, about the story of my Y-DNA, and it's exotic L-M20 genetic marker? It was not a disappointment.
Remember, I am only telling the story of one single line of descent. Y-DNA merely provides a convenient genetic marker of mutation, that can be compared and traced with others. It does not define anyone. From an anthropological perspective, haplogroups are of value in a collective sense - to a population. I no doubt share the story of my Y with many more people alive today. I may be a carrier of it, but it is also your story, just as the haplogroups that you carry, are also my story - through our mothers and shared descent. Y-DNA passes strictly on only one line of descent - from father to son. It is not inherited nor passed down by women. Only on that one strict paternal line of descent. The Y haplogroup is only a convenient marker of one line.
Y Haplogroup K formed in a paternal lineage of hunter-gatherer fathers and sons, that share a MRCA (most recent common ancestor) during the Upper Palaeolithic, circa 45,400 years ago. Where did my Y ancestors live at that time? We think that they lived in Western or Southern Asia. Iran is a favourite proposal. My earlier Y ancestors had most likely exited Africa 20,000 years earlier, and were well established in Asia. They had most likely met and confronted another archaic human species, The Neanderthal. This was however, a time of great expansion by humans. The first anatomically modern humans had recently entered Europe, while other moderns u were arriving in Australia. The Ice Age was in a flux, but glaciation was advancing.
Our most recent common Y ancestor to carry Y Haplogroup LT lived circa 42,600 years ago. Then a mutation in the Y-DNA lead to the formation of Y Haplogroup L, with a most recent common ancestor 23,200 years ago, close to the time of the Last Glacial Maximum, when ice sheets were reaching their maximum positions. K, LT, and early L, most likely all originated in Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherer populations living during the last Ice Age, in the area of modern day Iran and Iraq. It was a time of increased stress on human populations, that were having to adapt to some severe environmental challenges, and may have at times faced isolation into a number of Ice Age Refuges.
Around 18,400 years ago, M317 appeared on their Y-DNA, then circa 14,000 years ago, my line (L-SK1214), diverged away from L-M349. L1b today, occurs mainly in Western Asia, from Anatolia to Afghanistan. L1a occurs mainly in India, Sri Lanka, and in Pakistan. Where did all of this occur? We don't know yet. There is so little data. Some other divergences popped up in Southern and Central Asia. Some of these sub clades in India and Pakistan, are the most numerous of L today. However, the finger keeps pointing at Western Asia, as the source of much of L divergence, particularly in L1b sub clades such as M317, and M349. But we don't yet know what part Europe played if any. Both M317 and M349 crops at low frequencies across Europe, particularly along the south coast, and in Italy. L2 (L595) crops at at low frequency almost exclusively in Europe. Altogether, L forms only around 0.3% across Europe as a whole, yet, this diversity sits at low frequencies scattered across the continent.
Iran may equally be a key. We believe that it could have been home to L for a very long time, but we have very little data from that part of the world. L is also missing from ancient DNA. A hypothesis has been proposed that some early Neolithic farmers from Anatolia, may have carried L, and may have carried it into Europe for example. All speculation, but it could explain some of these old divisions of L that we are starting to see across Europe and Western Asia. Some of the earliest Eurasian L Y-DNA extracted so far has only very recently been reported - in populations of Iron Age Huns, that had migrated westwards into Europe.
So what did the test tell me about my line? Was I descended from a recent immigrant from India or Pakistan? An Iron Age Hun? An Italian? How about a Pontic Greek, or a Persian? Where do I fit in?
The answers provided by the Big Y were a bit of a shock. I had 90 novel SNPs in my Y-DNA, that have not been seen before in any other Big Y Test, not even in any of the other 23 Big Y test results within the FTDNA Y Haplogroup L project. The last SNP to terminate, that has already been reported, was SK1414. The administrator has not yet found it's non-FTDNA origin, but believes that it came from a test in Iran. Therefore, my sub clade can now be declared as L-SK1214.
My nearest FTDNA Big Y matches were two from Pontic Greek ancestry. However, here is the crunch. The project administrator calculates that even these testers, my closest known Y cousins that have so far tested to Big Y level, last shared a common Y ancestor with me 13,000 years ago.
When I have my BAM file, and submit it to the Yfull tree, it should make a significant alteration to the branches, as my lineage of SK1414, appears to branch off from L1b, perhaps only 1000 years after L1b appeared, and before the PH8 lineage associated with my Pontic Greek cousins formed.
It seems that I have 12,700 years of unwritten or detected family history to research on my paternal line. The Big Y test told me that I have a hunter-gatherer ancestor, somewhere in Western Asia, most likely Iraq / Iran, perhaps 13,000 years ago. Then a rather long gap, until the Brooker surname appears on parish registers in the Thames Valley of Southern England, leading down to myself, and onto my son.
The Chandler family, judging by the comparative STR evidence, are Y cousins, with a shared Y ancestry until circa 330 - 700 years ago.
That's it. We were missing for a long time. I'm looking forward to trying to work out where my missing ancestors were for thousands of years. I'm looking forward to seeing more L1b tests appear on Yfull and on the Y haplogroup L Project. Please test.
Up to the 10th May 2016
This is just a little pat on the back, for what I have so far achieved in researching and documenting my known ancestry. I really do like these Gramps open source software fan charts. The names go off a bit, but the concept of a fan chart for illustrating the pedigree of direct ancestry, still works well. It quite well displays the missing gaps. Generations 1 to 5 (from myself, up to my great great grandparents) are complete. The first few cracks appear from cases of illegitimacy at Generation 6, where the fathers were not named. Generation 7 is still pretty impressive, with 77% of my great great great great grandparents named. But it then starts to fall. back, with only 10% named for Generation 10. I suspect that this isn't far off most genealogies that have been based on paper records. Actually I'm quite proud of what i have achieved.
Through perseverance, I have recently extended both my surname lineage, and my maternal lineage to Generation 9 (early 18th Century). They should in theory, align with my Y-DNA and mtDNA haplogroups respectively.
The database for the entire family (including that of my ex-wife's) is now up to 1,546 individuals, with 195 direct ancestors for myself, as represented by this fan chart.
And yeah yeah yeah, I know, yours goes back to Ann Boleyn, Edward Longshanks, and Ragnor Lothbrok. Well, I've not yet found one iota of heraldric blood. I know that it will be there. I know that I belong to a pretty homogeneous population, and that go back far enough, we English are probably all related to each other and to these people. Go back even further, we could state that for all people. Back to the MRCA's. But I actually don't care. I'm proud to be descended from hard working people. It is they that I am making a record for. They were equally valuable to any aristocrat or land thief.

St Mary's, Long Wittenham, Oxfordshire. By John Salmon, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=12512201
I'm ready to accept the connection. I've talked to people with more expertise than me concerning the confusion over the ages of my couple on the census. I've found the baptism on a transcription CD for Long Wittenham from Oxfordshire FHS. It's perfect. The cream on the cake though, is that I found someone else with a tree on Ancestry.com, that had already come to the exactly same conclusion. Okay, I don't normally take much notice of trees on Ancestry.com, but this one appeared well researched, and I've both checked and added to the details on that tree. Third time lucky.
I can now go back to an ancestor named John Brooker, there's a few of them, so let's call him John Brooker I. He might have been born somewhere in the Thames Valley, during the early 1720's. He married a Mary, my G.G.G.G.G.G Grandmother Brooker. They settled (if they didn't originate there) at Long Wittenham in Berkshire, near to the River Thames. She gave him at least six children between 1749 and 1763: Mary, Anne, John, Edward, Martha, and Sarah.
Their son, Edward Brooker (or Brucker), was our ancestor. He was baptised at Long Wittenham on the 16th January 1757. When Edward was 29 years old, he married local girl Elisabeth Gregory, on 24th October 1786, at Long Wittenham. So you see, that photo above of the church of St Mary's there, is a part of the story. Our 18th Century Brooker ancestors were baptised, and sometimes married there. Some of them are also buried in that church yard. Indeed, that was where Edward himself later ended up, when he was buried there 23rd September 1832, having died at the age of 75 years.
His wife Elisabeth had also been born at Long Wittenham, the daughter of a William and Anne Gregory. She had been baptised at the above church on 15th November 1761.
Edward and Elisabeth Brooker appear to have lived in Long Wittenham all of their life. They had five children baptised at St Mary's between 1789 and 1796: John, Dinah, James, Richard, and Joseph.
Our ancestor John Brooker II was baptised on 18th January 1789. At the age of 25 on 31st October 1814, John married Elisabeth Seymore at the nearby market-town of Abingdon-on-Thames, in Berkshire. Elisabeth was born circa 1797 at a village north of the Thames in Oxfordshire, that in later life on a census, she referred to as Drayton. Most likely, this is the village of Drayton St Leonard. It's only a mile or two across the river from Long Wittenham.
I should at this point explain why I sometimes refer to long Wittenham as in Berkshire, and at other times a in Oxfordshire. Historically, it is a Berkshire parish, and is on the south side of the Thames. However, in 1974, it was transferred to Oxfordshire County Council.
The couple moved, and they moved around twelve miles. That chucked my attempts to trace them for a long time. They moved to Rotherfield Peppard in South Oxfordshire, down river. They turned up there on the 1841 census. They must have moved soon after marriage, as their children were born in Oxfordshire. John was employed as a labourer, most likely a farm worker. Between 1815 and 1836, they had seven children: Frederick, Phoebe, John, Elizabeth,Mattew,Emma, and William Brooker. Later in life, they moved to the next village of Rotherfield Greys. It was there on the 1861 census, that I finally picked up their origins. John died in 1867.
Our ancestor, John Brooker III was baptised at Rotherfield Peppard on 23rd April 1820. In the 1841 census, he turns up in a house of multiple adults on Hamstead Farm in the next parish of Sonning Common. Although technically north of the Thames, and in Oxfordshire, it actually belonged to a parish south of the river in Berkshire. John was an agricultural labourer.
On the 1st February 1845, at nearby Shiplake in Oxfordshire, John married Mary Ann Edney. They lived at times in both the South Oxfordshire parishes of Shiplake, and of Harpsden, both close to the town of Henley-on-Thames. Between 1847 and 1870, Mary gave birth to at least ten children: Hannah, Charles, Arbina, Phoebe, Emma, Thomas, William, Henry, Alice, and Ellen Brooker.
Mary Ann Brooker herself, was the daughter of Thomas Edney, a thatcher at Shiplake, and his wife Hannah (nee Hedges).
John lived to a good age. During the 1901 census, he was living with his eldest daughter, Hannah Belcher and her husband. He was 81 years old, and working as a shepherd. John finally passed away in 1912, at the age of 91 years.
Our ancestor Henry Brooker was baptised at Harpsden on 5th December 1863. An early appearance as a young man on the 1881 census, lists him as a farm worker, at Harpsden Bottom Cottages.
Henry had itchy feet though. He wanted to move right down the river, into London. A few years later, on the 29th September 1883, Henry married Elizabeth Rosina Shawers, at Fulham, London. Elisabeth was born at Haggerstone, London on 11th September 1858. her father, Henry Shawers was a harrow weaver, but her mother Elisabeth (nee Durran) also hailed from Oxfordshire. I've traced her ancestors to the area around Woodstock and Deddington.From Fulham, the couple next moved to Bethnal Green, and then to Deptford. I only know of two children, born between 1884 and 1887. Perhaps something prevented Elisabeth from carrying again. Their children were: John Henry Brooker, and Elisabeth Rosina Brooker.
They later moved down river yet again, to Lewisham. Henry worked mainly as a carter, driving a horse and cart in the East End of Victorian London. I've long suspected that he may have worked on the docks. However, by 1908, he was recorded as a store keeper.
The above photograph is of our great grandfather's sister, Elisabeth Rosina Brooker.
I don't yet know when or where Henry passed away. However, I do know that Elisabeth spent her last days living with her son at Sidcup, Kent. She was buried there on 2nd May 1939.
Our Ancestor John Henry Brooker was born 25th June 1884 at Deptford, London. However, the rest of the story - still needs to be written, or has already been written in other posts.
John Henry Brooker and his partner Mabel Tanner in 1933.
I have so far been tested to have the Y haplogroup L-M317, or L1b if you prefer. It means nothing, except that is incredibly rare and enigmatic sub clade, particularly in NW Europe. It may mean that at some point, my paternal line lived in Eastern Anatolia, south of the Causacus, or near to the Black Sea. I'm waiting for further testing, but it looks quite possible, that it is linked to the Pontic-Greek ethnicity that lived in that area. I have no autosomal evidence of anything from that part of the world, so it is likely to have been in England or NW Europe for quite some time. It might for example, have arrived here via the Roman Empire.
Why mention that now? Because until it meets an NPE (non parental event), it should follow the surname line. If I ever met another Y chromosome descendent of my Thames Valley Brookers - another person that has descended directly through a strictly father-to-son paternal line, I'd love to know if they've had their Y haplogroup predicted.